Violent Extremism in Balochistan: Challenges to CPEC and Counter Measures

Abstract

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), holds transformative potential for Pakistan’s economic development. However, its success is critically undermined by violent extremism in Balochistan—CPEC’s strategic yet volatile hub. This study explores the complex inter-play between insurgent threats, particularly from terrorit groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), and Pakistan’s multifaceted counter-measures. Drawing on contemporary academic sources, official reports, and policy analyses, the paper highlights how persistent attacks, cross-border militancy, and local grievances jeopardize foreign investment and regional stability. In response, the government has implemented robust military operations, improved border control, youth-focused programs, and socio-economic initiatives to restore security and trust. Despite notable successes—such as a decline in high-profile attacks and improved infrastructure—gaps remain, including limited community participation, uneven benefit distribution, and lingering distrust. The paper concludes by offering targeted policy recommendations, emphasizing inclusive governance, local empowerment, transparent revenue-sharing, and strengthened community-police partnerships. Overall, the research argues that sustainable peace in Balochistan requires not only defeating terrorism but also addressing the root socio-political causes of unrest to ensure CPEC’s long-term viability and regional integration.